Autism- Developmental Disability - 605 Words

Autism is a developmental disability that significantly affect a persons verbal and nonverbal communication, social interaction, and educational performance. This developmental disability affects the brain, communication and interaction with others. People with this disability often have trouble relating and forming relationships with other people. Autism occurs very early on in the development of the brain. The most obvious signs can be found at the ages of two or three years old. There is no known single cause of autism. however, it is generally accepted that autism is caused by abnormalities in the brain. Autism has been linked to genetic and environmental factors. Researchers have identified a number of genes associated with the disorder. There are six main characteristics of autism. They include: atypical language and development, atypical social development, repetitive behavior, problem behavior, sensory and movement disorder, and differences in intellectual functioning. People with autism have a broad range of language abilities ranging from no verbal communication to quite complex communication. Autism causes atypical social behaviors such as social interaction and social skills. people with autism have a lack of reciprocity and they do not share enjoyments, achievements, and interests with others. Sometimes they can have difficulty making friends. People with autism are often confused about the appropriate social behaviors. Another characteristic of autism isShow MoreRelatedAutism And Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Essay1599 Words   |  7 Pageswith disabilities and other diagnoses are neglected, overlooked, or judged by those who are influenced by that singular perspective. In specific, Autism which is referred to as Autistic Spectrum Disorder, is something that the public has heard before but they do not fully understand or are unaware about its true definition. â€Å"According to the Centers for Disease Control’s Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM), approximately 1 in 68 children have been identified with Autism SpectrumRead MoreAutism Is A Developmental Disability That Presents At An Early Age1028 Words   |  5 PagesElan Fenderson ESP 607 Test Battery-Autism Autism is a developmental disability that presents at an early age (typically under the age of three years) that can affect a child’s educational performance. Child and adults can have deficiencies in communication, social skills, and using language. People with autism tend to engage in motor/vocal stereotypy. The spectrum for autism has a wide range from mild to severe. To determine where a child falls on the spectrum many assessments can be administeredRead MoreAutism : A Developmental Disability That Causes Problems With Skills And Communication1395 Words   |  6 Pages Autism is a developmental disability that causes problems with skills and communication, and can be mild or severe differing from person to person. (Autism. 2013). Autism is from birth, meaning it can t be developed after birth. Symptoms can get better or worse with time, depending on certain dietary plans and medicines. Some autistic symptoms, however, can occur after a traumatic brain injury or TBI. Autism isn t present in a person after such an injury. ASD has many different forms and conditionsRead MoreEducating Special Needs Students Essay1347 Words   |  6 Pageswith disabilities can be even more challenging. One of the most challenging tasks that a teacher today may have to preform is effectively teaching children with disabilities. There are several types of disabilities a child may have including but not limited to intellectual disability, autism, severe disabilities, and multiple disabilities. Intellectual Disability According to the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD), an intellectual disability is a disabilityRead MoreNeeds of Diverse Students1384 Words   |  6 Pagesproviding for special needs children is essential to special education. Once a child has been diagnosis with a disability or multiple disabilities, a plan of care is initiated according to the severity of their condition and their needs. This plan is individualized; one child’s diagnosis is not a reflection of the wide range conditions that affect many children. Intellectual disabilities can be mild to profound, can be caused by different factors and can have a different impact on a student’s educationRead MoreEffectiveness Of Early Interventions For Children With Developmental Disabilities1639 Words   |  7 PagesInterventions to Improve Independence in Children with Developmental Disabilities Introduction The purpose of this writing is to explore the effectiveness of interventions to improve independence in children with developmental disabilities. To address this topic, the first section of the paper will include a background of the history of interventions used to improve children’s abilities to live a more independent life living with a developmental disability. Next will be the topic section which will addressRead MoreUnderstanding Services for Developmental Disabilities1013 Words   |  5 PagesAs a parent, learning that your child has developmental disabilities can be a life altering moment in time and can cause a devastating chain reaction of events. These events have the potential to change family priorities and structure, hurt relationships, deplete financial savings and stability, and emotionally drain everyone intimately involved with you and your child. How do you find human services programs, agencies, or advocates, whose primary job is to help you provide eve rything your childRead MoreDevelopmental Disabilities : A Diverse Group Of Chronic Conditions1384 Words   |  6 Pagesmay be way tougher. Students with developmental disabilities face many challenges and have way less opportunities than students without them. My essay will study students with developmental disabilities, how they plan on exploring their everyday life and what they go through on a good and bad day. Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of chronic conditions that are due to mental or physical impairments (Trends In The Prevalence Of Developmental Disabilities In U.S Children, 2015). There areRead MoreA Research Study On Developmental Disability826 Words   |  4 Pagesservices and services to those with developmental disabilities. Developmental disability is generally defined as a chronic condition, with an onset before age 22, that cause impairment in one or more areas that impact day-to-day functioning such as learning, communication (expressive and receptive language), mobility, cognitive function (information processing), self-help, health/physical functioning and independent living. Conditions such as Down’s syndrome, autism, cerebral palsy, and fetal alcoholRead MoreInterview From My Subculture Of People With Siblings Who Have Developmental Disabilities1073 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the people who I chose to interview from my subculture of people with siblings who have developmental disabilities is my roommate Hannah Dorough. Hannah and I had met briefly before coming to school at various events through the University Honors Program before we truly introduced ourselves at SOAR at the beginning of June. Since then, we have become close friends throughout our time spent living together in our dor m room. I interviewed Hannah in our dorm room this past Sunday after I got

The Bakke Vs. The Regents Of University Of California

The Bakke Vs. The Regents of University of California case is one of the most well known supreme court cases in America dealing with the topic of affirmative action. Stated by Eastland, â€Å"affirmative action policies are those in which an institution or organization actively engages in efforts to improve opportunities for historically excluded groups in American society† (10). In 1978, the plaintiff Bakke filed a suit against the University of California, claiming that his rejection from the school was a result of racial discrimination and that it violated the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the equal protection clause of the Constitution’s Fourteenth Amendment, and the California Constitution (Posner 171). The U.S Supreme court ruled that affirmative action was constitutional, but not the use of racial quotas. The significance of this case is that it dealt directly with two major theories prevalent to minorities and race: Their assimilation into the university setting us ing affirmative action, and also the systemic racism that these groups faced as well. More specifically however, the Bakke Vs. the Regents of University of California case can be explained by systemic racism more so than assimilation, because systemic racism was and still is in effect in these educational institutions. Even with the inclusion of programs such as affirmative action that are supposed to combat systemic racism and simplify assimilation, American institutions were built upon ideological processes thatShow MoreRelatedCivil Liberties And Civil Rights1329 Words   |  6 Pagesfriendly as in the United States. Allen Bakke personally experienced a Civil Rights violation. Bakke applied to enroll in the University of California Medical School twice and was rejected because of his race. The 1978 case, Regents v. Bakke, claimed that the University discriminated against him because he was a thirty-five-year-old white male. The case revealed that the University had their own policies to ensure a certain number of minorities were accepted. Bakke had been rejected even though his GPARead MoreWhat is Affirmitive Action?934 Words   |  4 Pagesnon-discrimination. Affirmative action is intended to promote the opportunities of defined minority groups within a society to give them equal access to that of the privileged majority population. This has become a problem when it comes to applying for jobs, a university, and any other entity. The term was first used in the United States in the Executive Order 10925 and was signed by President Kennedy in the early 1960’s. President Johnson signed the E xecutive Order 11246 in 1965 which required government employersRead MoreAffirmative Action and Higher Education Admissions Essay1664 Words   |  7 PagesSephardic Jew, posed the first legal challenge to affirmative action policies in university admissions. Though the case proved to be moot after being heard from the courts, as Washington Law School had already begun to rectify the affirmative action allegations prior to a decision being made – Defunis claimed that he had been passed over for admission by other unqualified minorities (Kaplin Lee, 2014). Though this university had begun its reconstruction of the affirmative action inclusion of the admissionRead MoreA Closer Look At The Fourteenth Amendment s Equal Protection Clause2421 Words   |  10 Pagesequal protection clause. Movements like Black Lives Matter have brought forth some of these issues happening today. The supreme court has made interpretations of the 14th amendment in cases like Plessy vs Ferguson, Br own vs the Board of Education, and even in when overturning the case Dred Scott vs Sanford. To better understand the 14th amendment’s equal protection clause we have to take a closer look at the interpretations made by the supreme court to see how it has shaped the United States. TheRead MoreAffirmative Action And The Civil Rights Movement Essay1512 Words   |  7 Pagesmeans to promote minority candidates. In the case of Regents of the University of California vs. Bakke, the plaintiff Alan Bakke tries to be admitted into the University of California at Davis Medical School. Despite being a profoundly adequate NASA engineer is refused admittance. Bakke was denied since the schools policy to accommodate 16 spots out of 100 for minority candidates (McBride, 2007). In acknowledgment to the objection presented by Bakke, the institution was bound to allow his applicationRead MoreAffirmative Action and Hosea Martin Essay688 Words   |  3 Pagesjust about everybody...got special consideration for one reason or another(220). He also makes reference to the right schools. If the right school means picking a white-Anglo Harvard graduate with a Ph. D. over an African- American University of Florida graduate holding the same degree then the distinction between the two candidates is obvious. People who want to succeed at the highest levels in our society work hard their entire lives to get into the rightschools. This givesRead MoreAffirmative Action And The Civil Rights Movement1568 Words   |  7 Pagesmeans to promote minority candidates. In the case of Regents of the University of California vs. Bakke, the plaintiff Alan Bakke tries to be admitted into the University of California at Davis Medical School. Despite being a profoundly adequate NASA engineer is refused admittance. Bakke was denied since the schools policy to accommodate 16 spots out of 100 for minority candidates (McBride, 2007). In acknowledgment to the objection presented by Bakke, the institution was bound to allow his applicationRead MoreAffirmative Action And Its Effect On Society Essay1639 Words   |  7 Pages especially to ethnicities who historically felt injustice.The famous U.S landmark case Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978), where Allan Bakke, a white man, was twice rejected to University of California Medical Schoo l at Davis, ruled that racial quotas â€Å"violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment†, however race can serve a part as one admission criteria. Today California has banned a raced based affirmative action along with seven other states (Proposition 209Read MoreThe Issue Of Affirmative Action Essay1667 Words   |  7 Pagesespecially to those ethnicity who were historically wronged.The famous U.S landmark case Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978), in which Allan Bakke, a white man, was twice rejected to University of California Medical School at Davis, ruled that racial quotas â€Å"violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment†, however race can serve a part as one of an admission criteria. Today California has banned a raced based affirmative action along with seven other states (PropositionRead MoreIs Affirmative Action in Higher Education Outdated?783 Words   |  3 Pages1978, the Court ruling in Regents of Universi ty of California v. Bakke defined the concept of reverse discrimination by holding that slots for medical school admissions could not be set aside for minorities, because it could result in admitting less qualified candidates based on racial quotas. In 2003, in Gratz v. Bollinger, the Court defined the concept of individualized consideration when it declared that an undergraduate affirmative action policy at the University of Michigan was unconstitutional

Renminbi Case Free Essays

662, Case 3 1. Do you think the Renminbi is overvalued against the US Dollar? 2. Why does the Chinese government want to keep its currency at an artificially low level against the US Dollar? What is the risk for China? For the US? 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Renminbi Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now What would be the consequences of a 20% revaluation (increase in the value of the Renminbi) for China, western countries, Japan, and developing countries? How would it impact workers, exporters, and importers in China? Various studies have suggested that the RMB is undervalued, with recent estimates ranging from 15-50 percent. The greatest beneficiary from a gradual RMB revaluation, accompanied by measures to stimulate demand, will be China itself. Its growth is likely to be more balanced and resilient, and that will have a positive spillover on the rest of the world, including by reducing currency and trade tensions. RMB revaluation causes a loss to consumers outside China since they will confront higher prices of goods imported from China. These losses have to be offset against those of producers who will gain competitiveness. Moreover, China’s trading partners are more likely to gain from RMB revaluation if it comes with measures that accelerate China’s domestic demand relative to its GDP. Indeed, without those measures, the effect of RMB revaluation on China’s current account surplus is likely to be marginal or even to widen it. In the very long run, a revaluation of the RMB could help commodity-exporters to diversify into basic manufacturers. However, over the next few years, RMB revaluation is unlikely to affect these countries’ exports significantly because the prices of their commodity exports are determined in global markets (and denominated in dollars). However, the dollar prices of China’s exports to those countries are likely to rise, reflecting small profit margins in those sectors and the fact that China, as the biggest exporter of those goods, is the price-setter. Some middle-income manufacturing exporters running a trade surplus with China will benefit, too. Other middle-income exporters that import a lot from China could be net losers from the hike in China’s export prices in the short term, but gain as their export volumes expand at China’s expense. Low-income commodity exporters will generally be net losers from RMB revaluation alone and will only benefit if China’s growth accelerates because of accompanying measures taken by the Chinese authorities. Some high-income countries, such as Germany and Japan, which have an initial small trade deficit with China, may lose or gain a little from RMB revaluation alone. However, countries such as Italy and the United States—whose initial trade deficits with China are large and whose exports are not competitive with China’s—will very likely lose, and their lower-income consumers will suffer most as the price of Chinese goods rises. This conclusion does not imply a judgment that a large bilateral trade deficit in Italy and the United States with China is good or bad. It only implies that RMB revaluation is not the way to fix the deficit problem. Instead, increasing national savings rates in Italy and the United States, and increasing consumption in China would be more effective. Given China’s high dependence on price-sensitive exports, a large one-time RMB revaluation may carry unacceptable risks to its growth and stability. In the event of a sharp slowdown in China, those countries that are likely to lose from RMB revaluation anyway, starting with the United States. How to cite Renminbi Case, Papers

Analysis Of Business Canvas Model Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Analysis Of Business Canvas Model. Answer: SWOT analysis of business canvas model: The strengths are as follows: Customer segment: Since fitness is a huge industry in New Zealand, there are quite a lot of people who enjoy going to the gym or make sure that they keep themselves fit. Therefore, there are three types of segments that Newman apparel provides to, which are, health-conscious people, first-timers and people going to the gym on a regular basis. Since the three given segments use the same type of products, this proves to be a strength for Newman apparel as they can concentrate on those segments. Value proposition: When compared to its competitors, Newman apparel charges the least and even offers good quality of material on their products. Since its a wellington-based organization, it is highly convenient for people living in and around wellington to get access to their products. Channels: Since Newman apparel is an online based organization, theyve to be up to date with their technology and make sure that their website is up and running at all times. Newman apparel has a strong connection with social media because all their customers are acquired via social media, i.e. through Facebook and Instagram. Revenue streams: Despite being just over an year old, Newman apparel has made a lot of sales in the past year and have made a neat profit. Their revenue is determined by the price of their products and the commissions they earn from sales. The weaknesses are as follows: Key partners: Newman apparel has only two key partners, i.e. their suppliers, who supply the products to Newman apparel and the software developers, who help to maintain the site and keep it running 24*7. Since theyre just over an year old, theyre not too well-known in New Zealand. This can be a weakness as other potential partners may not prefer to work with them because theyre a small organization. Customer relationship: Having a proper relationship with the customer is very vital for any organization. In the case of Newman apparel, there seem to be a lot of one-time buyers, which basically means that most of the customers buy their products only once and dont come back for more. This does lead to lack of customers and customers not being loyal. Online support can be risky because upkeep of the support site is tough, there can be a crash in the server which can cause inconvenience for customers and even employees at Newman apparel. The opportunities are as follows: Key activities: Being a wellington-based organization, Newman apparel has made delivery very easy only in and around wellington. Although they do deliver to other regions of New Zealand, but not just as smoothly as in wellington. Apart from delivering their products domestically, they should start delivering their products internationally as well. For that, theyve to study the international market and act accordingly. The threats are as follows: Key resources: Being in an e-commerce business, Newman apparel ought to hire more staff members as they do keep getting bigger orders, which makes it hard to handle for a staff of just five people. They should get better equipment in terms of technology to handle big orders and also acquire better computers in order to provide faster service for their customers. Identification of the possible marketing opportunities by using the Canvas model Business model canvas is a strategic model of management that includes different elements of the firm. However, products, customers, firms, infrastructure, and firm are the major components of such model (Scotch, 2017). Newman Apparel is an online shopping website situated in the Wellington New Zeeland. Gym wares are the main item of such organization. Based on the business canvas model analysis it can be said the product is the basic opportunity of such organization. Opportunity to cover a large number of health conscious people through the products Newman Apparel focuses on the gym products, which will bring a big opportunity for them to cover a large population in New Zeeland who are health conscious. In the recent years, fitness is the global requirement as maximum people in high-class society are health conscious (Fernandes, Silva Albuquerque, 2017). Hence, they have a common intention to make them fit. Offering different types of gym products enable this organization to get customers at the national and international level as it is an online based apparel. This organization offers the high-quality product with low price. That is a big thing to attract the customer and to gain competitive advantages in the market. However, consumers have a common intention to buy the good quality product at cheap price. Hence, Newman Apparel offers this type of gym product to the customers that lead them to get the opportunity to increase the number of customers in their business. Product feature, price, and quality bring opportunity for Newman Apparel in the global market. By developing new products the organization will able to gain the interest of the people especially the health conscious customers. However, by creating product diversification in gym product and by offering them with the affordable price this organization will able to expand their business by increasing the number of global customers who are health conscious. This opportunity can be done by improving the communication level with the customers. On the other hand, providing value to the customer choice is crucial for an organization (Plenter et al., 2017). Newman Apparel needs to communicate with the values of the customer by identifying their choice and needs. However, by offering health conscious products this organization can communicate with their values as well as with the customers value. Opportunity to communicate with the customers via social media application Based on the business canvas model analysis it has been found that Newman Apparel is an online based organization and they try to connect with their customers via social networking sites. This brings a big opportunity for them to cover a large number of populations. Application of the social media application enables a business organization to communicate with a large number of customers from different geographical regions (Gonalves da Silva, 2017). Newman Apparel is an online based apparel thus they need social media integration in their business. They have made a strong connection with their customers via social media. Application of Facebook and Instagram will enable this organization to communicate with the existing customers as well as to find the new customers (Tomczak, Reinecke Kuss, 2017). Social media application in business increases the brand awareness in the customers domain. By creating advertising via facebook and twitter the customers those are outside of New Zeeland are able to know about the Newman Apparel brand. This creates the opportunity for this brand to increase the number of new customers. On the other hand, Newman Apparel can create brand loyalty through social media marketing that enhances their brand value as well as the belief of the consumers. According to the business model canvas, customer segment is a big part of a business (Liebl, 2017). However, it is important for a business to give their concern to the need of all customers from different market segments. Newman Apparel offers their products for different segments of customers include first-timers, health consciou s and for the customers, those are going to a gym on regular basis. Hence, social media application creates brand equity for different segments of customers by sharing free and valuable contents regarding their products. This will build trust in the mind of customers over the time. Apart from this social media marketing is a crucial way for Newman Apparel to humanize their brand. This provides the opportunity to this organization to showcase their brand personality. Opportunity to deliver the products in the international market Newman Apparel is a New Zeeland based online apparel and they are running their business successfully in the domestic market. However, their market operation in the international market is not as smooth as the domestic market. This will bring a good opportunity for them to expand their business in international market. The value proposition is an important component of the business model canvas (David, David David, 2017). Based on the analysis of business canvas model it has been received that Newman Apparel offers the good quality product with affordable price in comparison to their competitors in Wellington. This focuses on the needs of the market. Wellington is a highly convenient area for the people to live. Hence, people of such area can easily access their products. Such marketing operation in the domestic region influences this organization to expand their market share in the international market by utilizing their business channels. Supply chain management is a big factor for every business based on which the image of a brand depends (McDonald Wilson, 2016). This organization delivers their product quickly and smoothly in the domestic market. Such strong supply chain and social media channel will be beneficial for such organization to expand their market share on the international level. This will be valuable for their organization as well as for the consumers. This will improve the organizational culture by identifying the demand of the consumers in the global market. Discussion of the organizational and the marketing resources to engulf the marketing opportunities Organizational Resources Organizational resources include human resource and the financial resource. In order to utilize any business opportunity, it is important to manage the organizational resources (Strauss, 2016). In the context of Newman Apparel, they need proper arrangement of financial resource and human resource. To provide quality gym products to attract the health conscious people they need an innovative idea to improve their product feature. This can be done by human resources and manage the financial resources. On the other hand, to operate in the international market major investment is needed. Therefore, for the advertisement of the products via social media strong human resource is required. A large number of technical experts is needed to utilize the social media marketing and to communicate with customers both domestic and international market (Richter Torstensson, 2016). In the context of Newman Apparel, they need to recruit more staffs to expand their business in international market. Mo reover, they need partnership work to manage the fund and workforce to utilize the current opportunities. Marketing Resources Money, expertise, time and energy are the basic four resources of marketing. These four resources are crucial to market a product by utilizing the opportunities (Nenonen Storbacka, 2016). In the context of Newman Apparel, they need huge money to invest more in the foreign market to engulf the opportunity of international marketing. Therefore, to maintain the workforce and hire the expertise money is the major element in this business. However, Newman Apparel is an online based business hence, to market their product expertise like technical and non-technical staffs are required. Talented marketing executives are required to advertise and communicate with the products in the customer domain to increase the customer number. Therefore, the technical experts are mandatory to operate the entire online marketing. Time is another element of marketing (Liebl, 2017). Newman Apparel needs to give more time during the development of the business plan to enhance their market share in the global market. On the other hand, to understand the needs of the different market it is important for this organization to give more time to their market research. To expand the business in the global market a proper marketing plan is required, which needs more time in the context of Newman Apparel. Energy refers to the capacity of a company to carry out their marketing operation. By involving more people in the business, this organization will build their energy and this will be helpful for them to carry out their marketing in both domestic and international market. Conclusion The entire work reveals the marketing strategy in the context of Newman Apparel. This is a New Zeeland based online apparel and popular in the domestic market of New Zeeland. However, the major strength of this organization is their product quality and price. On the other hand, their customer segmentation based on the product brings a big opportunity for them to attract the customers those are health conscious. On the other hand, use of social media in the business is another strength of such organization to make their product popular in the international market. In order to utilize such opportunities, this organization needs financial resource and workforce. Therefore, time, money, energy and expertise are required as the marketing resources, which will allow them to increase their market share in domestic as well as in the international market. References David, M. E., David, F. R. (2017). Are key marketing topics adequately covered in strategic management?.Journal of Strategic Marketing,25(5-6), 405-417. David, M. E., David, F. R., David, F. R. (2017). The quantitative strategic planning matrix: a new marketing tool.Journal of Strategic Marketing,25(4), 342-352. Fernandes, J., Silva, A. D., Albuquerque, E. (2017). The role of destination marketing organisation in strategic marketing management for tourism.GRA's Multidisciplinary International (GRAM i) Journal,1, 8-22. Gonalves, R. F., da Silva, M. T. (2017, April). System Thinking and Business Model Canvas for Collaborative Business Models Design. InAdvances in Production Management Systems. Initiatives for a Sustainable World: IFIP WG 5.7 International Conference, APMS 2016, Iguassu Falls, Brazil, September 3-7, 2016, Revised Selected Papers(Vol. 488, p. 461). Springer. Liebl, F. (2017). What Is Strategic Marketing in an Innovation Society?. InInnovation Society Today(pp. 165-181). Springer VS, Wiesbaden. McDonald, M., Wilson, H. (2016).Marketing Plans: How to prepare them, how to profit from them. John Wiley Sons. Nenonen, S., Storbacka, K. (2016). Driving shareholder value with customer asset management: Moving beyond customer lifetime value.Industrial Marketing Management,52, 140-150. Plenter, F., Fielt, E., Hoffen, M., Chasin, F., Rosemann, M. (2017). Repainting the business model canvas for peer-to-peer sharing and collaborative consumption. Richter, F., Torstensson, C. (2016). Strategic management of social media: How to design content on Facebook and Instagram to promote interaction from followers. Scotch, W. G. (2017). Strategic marketing management. Strauss, J. (2016).E-marketing. Routledge. Tomczak, T., Reinecke, S., Kuss, A. (2017). Marketing Implementation and Management Control. InStrategic Marketing(pp. 223-244). Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden.

Term Paper- Ancient Sumeria/Babylon Essays - Epic Of Gilgamesh

Term Paper- Ancient Sumeria/Babylon Term Paper- Ancient Sumeria/Babylon One of the many ancient civilizations that need to be clarified is ancient Sumeria. Sumer was an ancient region in southern Mesopotamia, located in the extreme southeastern part of what is now Iraq. The land of Sumer was virtually devoid of human occupants until about 5000 BC, when settlers moved into the swamps at the head of the Persian Gulf and gradually spread northward up the lower Tigris-Euphrates Valley. Although the Sumerians as people disappeared, their language and literature continued to influence the religion of their successors. Their basic economic organization and system of writing cuneiform, architectural forms, and legal practices remained in use. "Later generations elaborated upon the mathematics and astronomy that the Sumerians had originated." (Beret 113.) Almost every culture or ancient civilization has a flood story. For example, in the Old Testament, there was a flood story that lasted forty days and forty nights. In the Sumerian civilization, there is a flood story as well. The motive for the flood story in the Old Testament is similar to the motive in the flood story in the Sumerian culture. This motive was to punish the wickedness of men. The flood happened in a city called Shurrupak. It stands on the bank of the Euphrates River. The city grew old and the gods that were in it grew old. The city was in an uproar and the god Enlil heard the clamor and he said to the god in the council, "The uproar of mankind is intolerable and sleep is no longer possible by reason of the babel." (Bailey 59.) The gods decided to exterminate mankind. "For six days and six nights the winds blew, torrent and tempest and flood overwhelmed the world, tempest and flood raged together like warring hosts." (Bailey 57.) Even the gods were terrified at the flood, they fled to the highest heaven, the firmament of Anu. In Babylonian civilizations, a god is responsible for reasoning and wisdom. This god of wisdom is Enki. Enki receives his power from the resources and fertility of the land. The myth of Inanna and the god of wisdom begins with Inanna delighting in her womanhood and wishing to test its powers. In this myth, Inanna goes on a journey. Inanna sets out to visit Enki, the god of Wisdom, who is also the god of Waters. In Sumerian, "Enki" means the god of the Earth. (Beret 111.) As god of wisdom, Enki knows that the powers of knowledge need to be shared. As king of Eridu, he knows that the best rule is the self-sufficiency of his citizens. (Beret 111.) As a father, he knows the best way to raise his children is by encouraging initiative and independence. "Like a first drop of water, which generously offers a place o the second drop, Enki in his state of drunkenness, freely shares his own powers." (Beret 111.) Enki belives that power should be concurrent. Powers should be shared among citizens. He believes that when this task is done, more wisdom is gained to the individual. A hero is a character whose actions are inspiring and or noble. Deeply troubled by the death of his friend Enkidu, Gilgamesh embarks on a quest not for glory but for everlasting life in the flesh. Gilgamesh is a great hero known for defeating Humbaba. Gilgamesh has a restless and arrogant nature. Enkidu was created by the goddess Aruru because of Gilgamesh's strong arrogance. Enkidu was made to contend with Gilgamesh and absorb his energies. However, Enkidu was no match for Gilgamesh. Instead he became his faithful companion. Enkidu is like the rational type while Gilgamesh acts bold and fearless. "O my Lord, you may go on if you choose into this land, but I will go back to the city, I will tell the lady mother all your glorious deeds till she shouts for joy; and then I will tell her the death that followed till she weeps for bitterness." (Wolkstein 143.) This quote shows how Enkidu is rather reluctant to assist Gilgamesh in fighting Humbaba. Gilgamesh on the other hand is so arrogant and naive he doesn't know Humbaba's strength. When Gilgamehs was fighting Humbaba, Enkidu died. Gilgamesh is deeply troubled by the death of his companion and friend Enkidu. "Hear me, great ones of Uruk, I weep for Enkidu, my friend. I weep for my brother." (Wolkstein 144.) The king can't accept the inevitability of death, and with all the energy of his proud and restless nature, he begins a quest, or search, for everlasting life. He determines to find Utnapishtim, survivor of

Oh No Not I essays

Oh No Not I essays We will now discuss in a little more detail the struggle of existence. Charles Darwin was an English naturalist whose theory of evolution is one of the greatest contributions ever made to science. Throughout his life he had wrote some 160 books and essays on the subject. Many of his findings were controversial around the world. As you will see he endured the criticism of the scientific community and the church often calling his work offensive and blasphemous, only to learn later that his theories were indeed correct. This essay is intended to give you a better understanding of possibly one of the greatest minds of his and our times. Charles Darwin was born in Shropshire, England on February 12th 1809. His Father Robert was a physician and his mother was the daughter of a famous china maker. In his early years of school Charles was not considered a very good student, many years later was quoted as saying I believe that I was considered by all my masters and by my father as a very ordinary boy, rather below the common intelligence. In 1825 Darwin went to Edinburgh Medical School and soon realized that medicine was not for him and eventually left, stating two major reasons for his departure....he could not stand the sight of blood and found medicine boring. In 1882 Darwin went to Cambridge University to study the bible and to become a priest and eventually graduates with a degree in Theology. On Dec 27, 1831 Charles Darwin set sail on the HMS Beagle across the Atlantic and to South America and back. Darwin job was to collect specimens of plants, animals, rocks and fossils and to make surveys and notes at each place they visited. Soon enough the Beagle was crammed full of specimen crates and boxes that were being regularly shipped back to England. Darwin was amazed at his first walks in a tropical rain forest where nearby he found the huge fossilized head on an extinct giant sloth. Later i...

Research methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Research methods - Essay Example The proto-typical qualitative study is the ethnography which helps the reader understands the definitions of the situation of those studies† (Aukerman, pp. 1, 2010). The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the various methods and techniques of research. The research methods for both kinds of researches have their limitations and strengths. Quantitative research methods are usually in relation with experimental methodologies involving statistical analysis. On the other hand, qualitative research methodologies facilitate researchers in assessing and analyzing social and cultural phenomena. There are many methods available for the collection of qualitative data, each with its own strengths and limitations. Researchers make choices about research methods depending on a number of factors, such as level (e.g., social or community or personal), availability of time, financial resource availability, and cultural or situational suitability (e.g., type of interaction, privacy requirements, and literacy). All kinds of qualitative research together with ethnography are under characterization by their commitment to learn and understand the viewpoints of others. They focus on behaviors and try to derive meanings from their observations (Schensul, pp. 1-3, 2008). In case of qualitative research, the commonly used methods include observations, interviews, focused group discussion and ethnographic survey. Observation is essential to good qualitative research. This method is very useful for the collection of various sorts of behavioral or interactional data. The collection of observational data from open-ended (a search for pattern) to closed and coded (a search for pattern confirmation) ranges. The observations can be in the form of recording the behaviors and patterns as participant observer or more focused systematic and structured forms of observation. Good qualitative researchers usually employ

Article response Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Response - Article Example But the interesting part is that China responded coldly for all this complaints against them. The Chinese spokesperson Liu Weimin who is a representative of China’s foreign ministry stated that the compromise is a needed element in the trade between two nations. After that Chinese commerce ministry announced that China will handle the situation in align with procedures and rules of W.T.O. The author comments that the primary activity in W.T.O consultation is the bilateral consultation which always fails. And the case is later settled down by trade experts. Here the author is altogether attempting to project on the cold shoulder attitude of Chinese government .China is also not giving a chance to Obama to win the presidential election on the basis of free trade dispute. â€Å"China is trying to avoid making trade issues a big theme of the American presidential election campaign†. Here neither the Chinese government nor the Chinese people are bothered about the complaint of U.S. against the increase in the vehicle tariff Bradsher, K. (2012). China Yawns as U.S. Complains About Auto Tariffs. In nytimes. Retrieved July 7, 2012, from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/07/business/global/china-response-mild-to-us-trade-complaint-on-cars.html?_r=2&ref=internationaltradeandw

How teaming in the workplace has affected the culture of the working Essay

How teaming in the workplace has affected the culture of the working person - Essay Example Group formation might be temporary or permanent. Following are some of the main types of groups: Roles are sets of behaviors that individuals occupying specific positions within a group are expected to perform. These roles might be assigned (e.g. managers or other work related roles) or pre-determined (like father, mother, etc). Roles help in clarifying responsibilities and obligations of the group members. A status is a position or a rank within a group. People are sensitive to status because it is related to desired outcomes (e.g. salary and perks). High status people have a higher access to key resources relating to survival. Sometimes even physical features play an important role in gaining a certain status (e.g. a beautiful secretary). People can boost their status by behavior (e.g. intimidation, anger and threat) Norms are the rules within a group indicating how its members should or should not behave. Adherence to norms is a necessary condition for gaining status and other rewards controlled by groups. This forms the basis of organizational behavior. It comprises everything that causes the group members to remain in the group. It leads to depersonalized attraction, i.e. liking for other group members stemming from the fact that they belong to the group and embody or represent key features (like hard work or creativity, etc). These include effects upon performance resulting from the presence of others. Increased and positive effects occur due to collaboration, while decreased and negative effects take place due to dependence upon others. This theory says that the presence of others induces conflicting tendencies to focus on the task being performed and on the audience. The more the audience, the more the conflicts and thus, the more nervous you get. Working together with others to obtain shared goals is called co-operation. They are achieved by making others

Social Media Influences Your Shopping Behaviour Marketing Essay

Social Media Influences Your Shopping Behaviour Marketing Essay Social media is constantly evolving and changing with more and more people around the world jumping on the social media bandwagon. This has impacted and influenced the buying behavior of the people. People are much more informed now and like to read opinions and reviews of other people online before buying any product or service. This report will look at how the buying behavior has been impacted and which stages of the decision making process have been influenced by the rise of social media. This has also changed the way companies used to market their products and services. Now, companies also need to use social media to interact with their customers, market their products, solve the problems faced by customer etc. Social media has given a wonderful platform to the companies for a two way interaction with the customers. Further, the younger generation has been impacted the most as they are the majority users of social networks and hence their buying behavior has under gone a drastic change. Table of Contents Introduction The report will analyze how social media has impacted and influenced the buying behavior of people. Nowadays it is common to see everybody around us joining Facebook, Myspace, Twitter etc. The interactions of people on these social networks impact their opinions about various products which in turn influences their buying behavior. This influence will be analyzed using relevant theories related to buying behavior and social media usage. What is Social Media? Social Media is defined as the use of web-based and mobile technologies which turn communication into interactive dialogue. Kaplan and Haenlein (2009) define social media as a group of Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0, which allows the creation and exchange of user-generated content. There are various internet based applications which are driven solely by the media generated by the consumers. These applications act as a platform where users from around the world interact with each other on topics which are of interest to them. Some of the famous social media websites are Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, Blogger, MySpace etc. Facebook has more than 600 million users around the world and an estimated 41.6% of the U.S. population is on Facebook (Wells, 2010). These figures show just how popular social networks like Facebook are and how everybody is jumping on the social media bandwagon. Consumer Buying Behavior Process Consumer Buying Behaviour is the decision making process he/she undergoes while choosing a product or a service. The basic steps in the process are as follows: Need Recognition The buyer identifies the need for which the product or service is required. Alternative Search He/she searches for the alternatives that are available in the market in this stage. Alternative Evaluation Evaluation and comparison of all the alternatives on various factors is done in this stage. Purchase Decision The buyer chooses the best alternative and buys it. Post Purchase Evaluation / Dissonance This stage involves evaluating the benefits of the product / service after using it and forming an attitude about it. How Social Media affects the Decision Making Process ? People from all over the world use Social Media to create and share opinions, insights, experiences and perspectives with each other. Social Media affects the Alternative Search and the Alternative Evaluation stages of the decision making process. Lets see how it does that. Alternative Search After the consumer has identified the need for a product or service, he/she goes on the internet and searches for the same. The search results give an idea to the consumer about the alternatives that are available in the market for the required product or service. The various search results take him to various blogs, review sites, online retailers, Facebook page of the product etc. The user forms an opinion about the product after going through the various reviews and comments about the product which are posted by people from around the world on various social media websites. Alternative Evaluation After knowing the available alternatives the user zeros in on two or three brands which satisfy his need. He/she then goes on the internet to do a comparison between the brands and to know the opinion of other customers who hav used that brand below. Additionally, the user may post on his Facebook / Twitter account asking his friends about their opinion on which brand he/she should go for. After considering the reviews on the internet and the opinions of his friends, the user then decides the particular brand that he/she will finally buy. This is quite different from what previously used to happen in the above two stages i.e. before the coming of social media. Previously, the consumer had no option but to go to the market and visit various shops to find about the various alternatives that are available in the market that satisfy his need. Further, the consumer was solely at the disposal of the retailer for the comparison of the available alternatives and for reviews of the same. The retailer further pushed the product which fetched him the greatest margin irrespective of whether the product is good or bad. The chances of this happening now have become very less because the customer has become much more informed now. How has social media changed the nature of promotion and communication to target markets? Before the coming of social media, the information about a product or service originated from the company and was distributed through the sales rep, distributors and the retailers. But now customers have access to this information directly from the company website or by using Google Search, Facebook etc. The information is available on many websites on the internet and the customer is talking to his/her peers to form an opinion about the product. Thus it becomes essential for the companies to ensure that correct information about their products is easily available on the internet. Hence, companies have started using Google Ads and Ads on Facebook etc. to promote their products. They can also use Search Engine Optimization (SEO) and Search Engine Marketing (SEM) to promote their websites by increasing its visibility in search results. SEM industry in USA was 16.6 Billion Dollars in 2010 (SEMPO, 2011). Further, they can create official Facebook account for their products or services so as to give a platform to their customers to discuss the products. These accounts also act as an information channel which works both ways. The company is able to educate the customer about their product, its features, recent promotions etc. and at the same time the company benefits from the consumer feedback it gets from the consumers of its products. The company can further use this feedback to improve and create better products for the future. In the case of Twitter, companies can create an account where they can proactively update their customers aka followers with new updates, answers etc. It is also essential for the company to keep its followers engaged by coming up with different contests and promotions from time to time. This also helps spread the awareness of the companys Twitter account as the company gets more and more followers. Who are the most receptive target markets ? Around 53% of the US Facebook users are aged between 18 34 (Corbett, 2011). This clearly shows that the young population is the most active on social networks and hence is the most receptive target markets for the companies. Young users spend a considerably time everyday on social networks like Facebook and Twitter. Further, with the coming of smartphones it has become much easier for them to keep in touch with their friends etc. Hence, the impact and influence of social media is the most on the buying behavior of young consumer. This makes it much more important for companies whose target market is young people to get on the social media bandwagon and interact with its customers through various channels like Facebook, Twitter, Blogs etc. This two-way interaction will be beneficial to both the customer as well as the company. Conclusion If theres one constant in social media, its change. Social media is rapidly changing and evolving with more and more people around the world joining the social media bandwagon. Further, the social media influences and impacts the two stages in the decision making process of a customer. These stages are Alternatives Search and Alternative Evaluation. Before buying a product, buyers now search on the internet for the same so as to read the reviews and opinions of the other people. This is especially common among the young generation as they are the most active users on the social networks. Hence, the companies need to interact with its customers through social media channels like Facebook, Twitter etc. to effectively market their products to the target audience.

Dyslexia: What It Can Teach Us :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Dyslexia: What It Can Teach Us What is a learning disorder and what can knowing more about learning disorders tell us about our own learning? Scientific research has acknowledged that many learning disorders are really just the edge of what is the normal spectrum in human capabilities.(1) Children with reading disabilities differ from one another and from other readers along a continuous distribution.(2) The aptitude to read depends upon fast and precise understanding and decoding of single words.(2) A disabled readers IQ tells very little about their skills. Disabled readers with varying IQ can display exactly the same progress, and neurobiological symptoms. This tells us that the IQ is not a suitable indicator of disability in basic reading skills. That is just one example of the many things that we can learn from people with learning disabilities that we can apply to all people. We will also see that by studying students with dyslexia we can see some of the important brain functions in reading. For a long time, research in the scientific community in respect to learning disabilities was slim. One problem in recent decades is that scientists have spent a lot of time searching for the basis of the disorder as opposed to the solution. This has created a chasm between the scientific and the educational worlds. Teachers were experiencing frustration with the influence that PhD's and MD's have on their curriculum.(2) Some teachers feel that when help is provided it can be in a non-helpful manner. Researchers don't always take into consideration what it was really like to be teaching. When we think about learning in a broad scale we think about it as repetition of memorization. On a cellular level learning is the result of change in the strength of a connection due to synaptic activity.(3) At larger levels Hebbian ideals can't really be taken much farther than simple behaviors. We can use Hebbian learning to explain repetitive actions that allow us to learn, say a piece of music. A musician plays a piece of music over and over again, until he/she knows it really well. At this point the synapses that were being used in the musicians brain have physically and chemically changed so that there is now a stronger connection. Can we explain learning disorders with Hebbian theory? Surprisingly we can. It turns out that dyslexics fail to increase activation in order to make the connections between phonologic structures and sounds.

Enid Lee, Incorporating Antiracism Essay

In â€Å"Taking Multicultural, Antiracist Education Seriously,† Barbara Miner interviews Enid Lee, a â€Å"leader in antiracist education† as noted on her website, Enidlee. com. She pushes for the use of the term ‘antiracist’ because the tem currently in use, ‘multicultural’, is too nice, focusing more on food and fun rather than hard issues of racism. Although her interview is inspiring and very necessary, some facets of her presentation seem to swing to far to the militant side to garner widespread acceptance. First, Lee explains that in many schools, European posters, readings, games and activities dominate the landscape. While I believe this is true in some cases, I do not believe it to be true in all cases. Many, many classrooms in which I have learned, observed and taught have been filled with pictures of prominent white, black, Hispanic and Asian authors, researchers, and political leaders. Lee’s multistage approach to antiracist education is clear and organized and sequentially stepped so as not to seem overly forceful. However, her insistent on the use of ‘antiracist’ is a bit harsh in that it assumes that anything not adopted or previous to this new ideology is racist. That is a huge overgeneralization. It also separates people into groups – the antiracists and everyone else, who, by association, must be racist. I do not think that many public school systems, and certainly no private systems, will purchase curricular materials and send teachers and administrators to antiracist workshops because it implies the worst of these people and materials. Lee can simply not make that kind of generalization. She urges the changes to extend beyond the school. Racism is alive and well in the community, but her approach sends the wrong message: â€Å"We have an antiracist plan to change this racist community. That is the message that people will hear. A less forceful message is much preferable to Lee’s approach. Lee is convincing in her devotion to creating antiracist schools. She urges to push for administrative changes and curricular changes, which she admits are financially blockaded by under-funded school districts. She gives an unsubstantiated claim that multicultural, antiracist programs are the most under-funded, when the removal of arts programs in elementary schools has made the national media several times in the last few years. Finally, after admitting the sad lack of money for programs, she launches on her website, a national push for her own conference called â€Å"Putting Equity on the Table† that costs $1450 for two school officials to attend. This is a three day conference and the rate (which is the early bird rate) does not include the hotel fee at the Hampton Inn in downtown Boston. In addition, the recommended reading resource is entitled Education Children of African Ancestry in the United States of America, Canada, and the United Kingdom. If we are truly talking about an antiracist education, why does our primary conference resource only focus on one race? Nobody will fault Enid Lee and others like her for taking on the cause of equity in education. Clearly the past has shown that steps are necessary. However, Lee’s focus on only African-descended children, on an inflammatory name for her type of education (which, oddly, does not appear on her conference registration information), and on her need to charge exorbitant fees for her conference detract from her credibility and are likely to be off-putting for widespread educators.

People for Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) Essay

People for Ethical Treatment of Animals recognizes the chair, salutes the delegates and it’s deeply honored to participate in this council with such a world pressing topic. People for Ethical Treatment of Animals deeply concerned by the millions of animals being locked up in laboratories across the world with unimaginable pain and suffering due to all the chemicals that are being tested on them by so called scientists for a later human use. Seeks the halt of all types of experimentation on living creatures whom are being used as nothing more than laboratory materials for reaserch wich most of the times provide misleading or incorrect results. We believe that every creature with a will to live has a right to live free from pain and suffering. PETA founder Ingrid Newkirk has said, â€Å"When it comes to pain, love, joy, loneliness, and fear, a rat is a pig is a dog is a boy. Each one values his or her life and fights the knife.† People for Ethical Treatment of Animals are completely, totally and irrefutably against animal testing for any kind of product or drugs.Further deploring for every nation to use alternative research methods and not animal testing. Ergo People for Ethical Treatment of Animals urgently requests that: * Having devoted attention to all the suffering animals go through by getting tested on, governments should start investing money in in vitro experimentation and research. Instead of spending it on animal testing. These methods should vigorously be promoted to all companies around the world. * Encourages people to get informed of what is going on with all the animal testing by having the 1,300 aprox. companies in our â€Å"Do not test† list make campaigns to invite other companies to join this list, and consumers to only use their cruelty free preoducts. Along with the publicity we (PETA) do. * Calls upon the countries to start banning products tested on animals and only allow cruelty free products, requesting more companies to start using non-animal methods in their research and production. People for Ethical Treatment of Animals trusts that a strong message will be issued from this committee and that action will be taken in order to strongly condemn product testing in animals.

The Moon essays

The Moon essays The moon is the most noticeable feature in the night sky and it is also the brightest, but it doesnt give off its own light. It is, actually, reflecting the light given off by the sun. Only seven percent of the light from the sun is reflected. Sometimes, the moon appears to change shape, but it is only because the sun is lighting different parts of it. When the moon passes through the earths shadow and the earth comes right between the sun and the full moon, its called a lunar eclipse. This is when the moon is dimmed and it turns in to a dark copper color. When you look at the moon from earth, it looks soft with light and dark shades of blue and gray. The dark parts of the moon are extensive, flat plains that were first observed by Galileo, an Italian scientist. He was the first person to look at the moon through a telescope in 1609. He, perhaps, thought that the plains were water because he called them maria, which is a Latin would that means Seas. Today we have discovered that they are actually huge, deep, holes with edges covered by rock and soil. The word maria appears to imply that there is water on the moon, but we now know that there is none on its surface. Because there is no water on the moon, there cant be any life. Like all planets except earth, the moon has absolutely no known life. There is no water or air and the sky is continually black, but the stars are still visible. At night, the temperature on the surface of the moon becomes colder than any place on the face of the earth, but during the day, the rocks are only a slight bit hotter than that of boiling water. The Moon doesnt have an atmosphere and no fluid water, but now there is evidence that there is ice on the South Pole, which is permanently shaded. There is ice on the North Pole as well. Just like on earth, oxygen is the most abundant element on the moon except its in the form ...

Organizational Theory Design and Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Organizational Theory Design and Change - Essay Example Functional level strategies are plans made to enhance the organizational and functional resources of an organization. The plan also strengthens the coordination within the organization. All of these factors mutually function to generate core competencies in the organization. In order for an organization to develop a functional level strategy, it should either lower the cost of functional activities as compared to that of the competitors, or else, make its service and/or goods different from others’. Examples of an organization’s functional level strategies can be increase in the quality of products in which the value creating function is â€Å"manufacturing†, and hiring talented workforce and improving their skills through on-the-job training in which the value creating function is the â€Å"human resource management†. Likewise, improving the quality of existing products or developing new ones pertains to the value creating function of â€Å"research and development.† Similarly, an organization can improve services in other value creating functions. These examples explain the skills that are displayed in the value creating functions. The very skills are fundamentally the core competencies of an organization and give it competitive advantage.

Compose a report on management performance characteristics Essay

Compose a report on management performance characteristics - Essay Example I studied the essentialities of the skill in detail, considering the context of the role of the Head of MLT. I plan to develop my communication skills through a number of interventions, over a period of time. Nurturing my communication skills shall take place through simulation games, skill improvement exercises, understanding the 7Cs of communication and taking part in cross-cultural communication training. These evaluation and diagnostic tools would facilitate in furthering my skills and contribute towards the success of my career. Management has been my favourite subject since my childhood. After completing my undergraduate course, I wish to study Masters In Business Administration, under the discipline of Marketing Management. During this undergraduate course, I also happened to learn about the prospects offered by Information Technology and could cognise that it is a flourishing industry. Under this context, I set the role of Manager of a Marketing Leadership Team in a multinational software organisation as my career goal. This job involves understanding the markets, facilitating transformations that improve the efficiency of marketing function in the entire organisation, by increasing its impact on the prospective customers, giving due consideration to the job satisfaction of the marketing team and managing the lower level marketing leaders. The job description depicts that my aim is not easy to embrace and is a step-by-step process, where I need to attain the eligibility and highlight myself as the most qualified and appropriate candidate at every instance. Advancement in this direction should be a planned self-development exercise that instils new skills and boosts the existing ones to the desired intensity. Along with the educational background and experience, I need to recognise my internal capabilities and shoulder the responsibility of developing my management and leadership skills too, in order to attain that position and efficiently manage

Nursing medication administration and work flow using computerized Research Paper

Nursing medication administration and work flow using computerized physician order entry - Research Paper Example The research problem in this study was on how medication errors can be reduced plus the impact of the CPOE (Computerized Physician Order Entry). The Institute of Medicine had filed an earlier report showing that nearly 7000 patients every year die due to medication errors. In minimizing medication errors and time wasted by nurses in the course of administering medications. The CPOE system became introduced with the sole purpose of reducing the time taken by nurses in ordering and administering medications. According to the observation Keohane and colleagues did on nurses activities, they found out that nurses spent 26.9 percent of their time in medication related activities compared to other work. Hence, the introduction of the CPOE system ought to have eased the nurses’ workflow plus to minimize medication errors. In the study conducted by Dana et al. (2011), the author agrees to the fact that their exists advantages and disadvantages of the CPOE system on the nurses after it s introduction to help reduce the nurses work flow . The literature review in Dana et al. research is quite relevant and directly related to the problem being researched (2011). In this research, the author uses recent literature reviews to get hold of the reader’s attention concerning problems nurses faced before the introduction of CPOE system. An excellent example includes Keohane and colleague studies on the amount of time nurses spent in a variety of their activities. Another example includes a research conducted by Elganzouri et al. confirming that nurses spent a lot of time in issues dealing with medications. In the two literature review, the author would like the reader to be aware of the problems that faced the nursing team before the introduction of the CPOE system, which were spending more time on medication processes plus higher rates of medication errors. The author in the literature review critically compared and appraised key studies in a good way. Research questions in this research could have been what are the impacts of CPOE system on the nurses’ workflow? What are the disadvantages of using Computerized Physician Order Entry system to the nurses? The author’s hypotheses this case is justifiable after realizing that the introduction of CPOE systems in hospitals led to minimal interaction between nurses and physicians. In terms of the literature review, the hypotheses were not related since the literature review entirely talked of the problems nurses experience before CPOE system the introduction while the theoretical rationale speaks of the impact the system had on the nurses. The researcher offers in his justification statement that so far the CPOE system would reduce the time spent by the nurses in medication processes as evidenced by a study conducted by Bate and colleagues. By the use of DeLeon and McLean model, the research was meant to find the impact of CPOE system. The author’s hypotheses were directional since they predicted the impact of CPOE system on the nurses to be either negative or positive (Dana et al., 2011). The variable of interest from the research question will be the impact of CPOE system on the workflow of the nurses (Dana et al., 2011). In accordance to the Delone and McLean IS Success model framework, dependent variables of any information system are defined as its success. It goes further to define success as a combination of variables and include systems quality, information quality, use, individual impact, user satisfaction and organizational impact. From the author, these 6 variables are less dependent o n each other than interrelated. From the research, conducted by the author, the variable being investigated is well defined. The study is predictive in nature and tries to evaluate the impact of the system on the nurses and organization in general. From his research finding, the dependent variables are organizational quality and individual quality. The independent

European Efforts for the Empowerment of Talent Essay Example for Free

European Efforts for the Empowerment of Talent Essay The author gives the tremendous account for the efforts put by the European Commission in empowering its talent by facilitating, sponsoring, and being a driving force behind its universities. There is high stress on innovation, research, promotion of research, and association of research into teaching for the last two decades. There is also serious effort put by the European Commission in nurturing the link between its universities and industry so that talent empowerment can be up to the latest requirement by developing curricula through research and collaboration of industry and universities. There are considerable programs being run by the European Commission to meet its set targets which seem well organized as compared to the rest of the world in relation with empowering the youth through education in globalization. There is also great effort put by the same region on the development of distance learning programs that aim to foster the back benchers of society. Additionally, information and communication technologies and continuing education or learning as a lifelong process are other milestones that European Commission is set to cover. Among a number of programs, the very recent ones are: the European Research Area (ERA), the European Credit Transfer System (ECTS) and the European Higher Education Area (EHEA)/Bologna process . Thus, by putting efforts on the reformation of the ways of education today the world can be rightly globalized in a positive way that can benefit all the nations and peoples. This way, universities can play a more vital role as important, indeed, as it was in the past. The global approach to education calls for â€Å"research on strategic and monitoring planning to manage globalization and technological and scientific change. To properly manage this, a more holistic view and a better interface across all relevant knowledge areas is necessary† .

Limitations And Advantages Of A Directional Antenna

Limitations And Advantages Of A Directional Antenna Abstract A discussion of directional antennas and performance, the limitations or drawbacks and advantages of using directional antennas compare to omnidirectional antennas. INTRODUCTION The definition for directional antennas is antennas which radiates in one or more directions that allowing to increases the performance on transmit, receive and reduce the interference from other sources, or in another way to say is the antennas that receives or sends signals most effectively in a particular. The Radio Frequency (RF) energy can be diverted in a particular direction to father distance. Therefore, it has long range coverage but the effective beam width decreases. Due to the size of directional antennas, the frequencies used are above 200 to 300 MHz. The antennas wideband property depends on the type of the antennas and the directional properties of the antennas are a function of their electrical size. Figure 1 : Directional Antenna with 6 zones. [6] Each zone is a wedge with radius r spanning à Ã¢â€š ¬/3 radians. Zone 1 always faces east. The dashed circle shows the omnidirectional communication radius. A few types of directional antennas are available. [5] Fixed Beam Fixed beam antenna has fixed gain profile with a primary lobe pointing in a single direction. We only can steering the beam by changing the orientation of the antenna physically , which permit relatively slow changes at best. This kind of antenna does provide high gain for their cost and are widely deployed in practice. Figure 2 : Fixed Beam antennas gain pattern Sector In sector antennas, there is multiple fixed beams antennas where each of these beam antennas aims in different direction. Each has covering different area and total 360 ° coverage. Packets may be sent on any sector. Switching between antennas is done electronically and allows the choice of sector to occur on a per packet basis. Figure 3 : Sector Antenna Gain Pattern Analog Phase Array Analog Phase Array antennas work by calculates phase shifts into the signal at antennas elements. There will be individual signals after from phase shifts interfere constructively and destructively with each other in order to form a particular gain pattern. Figure 4 : Analog Phase Array Antenna Gain Pattern Digital Phase Array Another description for Digital Phase Array is smart antenna uses digital signal to accomplish phase shifting. Even the additional power required to do this had increase the cost and complexity greater than the Analog Phase Array, but there is some significant function had been added. Lobes and nulls may be steered very precisely to amplify desired signals and eliminate extraneous ones and angle of arrival information for packets may be obtained as well. Multiple patterns may be realized simultaneously using the same set of elements. Figure 5 : Digital Phase Antenna Gain Pattern THE GAIN OF DIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS [1] The definition for directivity according to [7], The directivity of a wireless antenna is given by the ratio of maximum radiation intensity (power per unit solid angle) to the average radiation intensity (averaged over a sphere). The directivity of any source, other than isotropic, is always greater than unity. Both omnidirectional antennas and directional antennas have directivity but the difference between these two antennas is the coverage pattern. For omnidirectional antennas, the coverage pattern is torus-shaped. The directivity in directional antennas case in higher than the omnidirectional because of its ability to focus the beam. Because of the greater gain in the directional antennas, compare to onmidirectional, the signal transmitted with some power will be able to reach wider distance than the signal transmitted in the omnidirectional antennas. LIMITATION S OF DIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS Deafness [1] Deafness is one of the problems happen when using the directional antennas and it had limited the network performance. Deafness is the problem of failed to hearing from the others. In omnidirectional antennas, all neighboring node are capable of listening to all ongoing transmission but not in directional antennas. The node may be turned into particular sector while receiving and the node said to be locked. In this situation, all the signals that arrive in other sectors cannot be received by the nodes. The nodes said to be Deaf in all other sectors. Figure 6 : Deafness In the figure 2 above, it shows that Node A is communicating with Node B. During the communication, Node A is facing to Node B and turned away from Node C. When Node C is sending a transmission to node A, Node A failed to hear for the transmission unless it is available. Node A can be said Deaf towards Node C . The implement of directional antennas said to reduce the interference but it has increase the ratio of packet loss. Multiple retransmissions may also cause the node to misunderstanding that the connection is lost due to mobility and triggering for route discovering search. In another way to say, it causes the destructive interactions with the upper layers. Drawbacks Specific to Directional MAC (DMAC) The above layer in OSI model does not seem to harness the features of the model even there is some or specific changes in the physical layer. Reusing the same approaches as that omnidirectional MAC, DMAC has created or bring new problems which were not exists in omnidirectional MAC. There is a few drawbacks : Heightened hidden terminal When a node transmits a signal that may affect an ongoing transmission, the hidden terminal problem will be arise. The Ready to send and clear to send are not reaching all the neighbor nodes and this will cause those nodes unaware of ongoing transmission. Head of line blocking- The queuing mechanism used is the First-In-First-Out (FIFO). So the node with antennas will pick the first packet in the queues to transmit. The node will send the packets if the channel in the direction that the node wish to communicate with. If the channel is not idle, the node has to wait until the channel is idle and then transmit the packet. There is still has others packet in the queue waiting to transmit, and there is possible that the channel is not idle. Because of the first packet is still waiting for transmission, it blocks all the packets that can be transmitted. Imperfect virtual carrier sensing Nodes often do not listen to all the signals around them due to the deafness problem. This causes an incomplete Directional Network Allocation Vector (DNAV) table which doest not consistently store the state of the channel in different directions. This leads to imperfect virtual carrier sensing. Effect of mobility [1] Figure 7 : Effect of mobility The reach-ability due to higher range (Position 1) In the communication between two nodes, Node X to Node Y, the coverage using omnidirectional antennas is in circle pattern while the coverage pattern using directional antennas is in lobes pattern. If the Node Y moves out of the circle area, it will unable to receive any packet transmitted by Node X. Since the gain of directional gain is more higher, it is possible that Node Y is still in the directional range X and hence, Node Y still able to receive the packet transmitted. If not, Node Y still will be unable to receive the packet transmitted. Reach-ability in different sector (Position 2) In any area inside the circle area when using omnidirectional antennas, the Node X will be able to reach the Node Y. While using directional antennas with DMAC, Node X failed to reach the Node Y using the same sector. It is because Node Y has gone out of the range of the signal that is transmitted in that sector. Un-reach-ability due to omni-discovery (Position 3) Node X tries to send the packet in its old direction. After failing to reach it after Directional retransmit limit, Node Y will tries to send an omnidirectional signal. Since the Node Y is unreachable by directional signal, Node X cannot discover the Node Y and thus, Node X will assume that the Node Y is unreachable. Node X will never tries to reach the Node Y using different sector even though it is be done by transmitting directional signal in different sector. Node X will reports the error to the above routing layer and drops the packet due to no route. In fact this problem can be solved by transmitting the packet directionally in another sector. Totally unreachable (Position 4) This is another case where the Node Y moves to out of range for both and directional. Node X will be unable to reach the Node Y both in omnidirectional and directional. This case of mobility will lead to disconnection and cannot be recovered. ADVANTAGES OF USING DIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS Security Issue Use directional antennas to prevent Wormhole attack [6] Figure 8 : Wormhole attack where the adversary controls nodes X and Y and connects them through a low-latency link. Wormhole attack means that a forwarded packet from attackers through a high quality out-of-band link and replays those packet at another locations. The attackers will replay the packet received by node A at node B and vice versa. A more intelligent attacker may able to replace the wormhole endpoints at particular locations and this may disrupt nearly all communications to or from a certain node and to all the nodes in the communications. In directional antennas, based on the signal received, a node can get the approximate direction information. Thus, an attacker cannot execute the wormhole attack if the wormhole transmitter is recognized as a false neighbor, that is not the real neighbor and so ignore the messages. There are three increasingly affective protocols to help to prevent the wormhole attacks. As bidirectional information is added, it is more difficult to allot the attacker to launch the wormhole attack successfully. The three protocols are Directional neighbor discovery protocol, that is does not rely on any cooperation between nodes and cannot prevent many wormhole attacks. Verified neighbor discovery protocol, that is preventing wormhole attacks where the attacker control any two endpoints and the victim nodes are at least two hops distant. Strict neighbor discovery protocol where to prevent wormhole attacks even when the victim nodes are nearby. To Support Symmetric traffic services In Time Division Duplex (TDD) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) [2] Code Division Multiple Access comprises of two operations , that are Time Division Duplex and Frequency Division Duplex, which to provide two-way simultaneously. A pair of frequency bands is used for uplink and downlink transmissions in FDD. In TDD, the uplink sand downlink transmissions are multiplexed into time slots on the same frequency band, the system is its capability of flexibly to adjusting the uplink and downlink bandwidth by allocating different numbers of time slots. It is more suitable for applications with asymmetric traffic suck as Internet Browsing and file transfer compare to FDD. However, Cross-slot Interference which may seriously degrade the system capacity may happen in TDD-CDMA system during the transmission of asymmetric traffic from adjacent cells. Cross-slot interference is the interference due to opposite direction transmissions between two adjacent cell. In the [2], this paper has shown that the by applying developed interference analysis framework how the interference between virtual cells can be suppressed due to the directivity of directional antennas and thus proposed a virtual based interference resolving algorithm to support asymmetric traffic services in TDD-CDMA Systems. In this paper, it stated that how the directional antennas take effect in supporting the asymmetric system in TDD-CDMA. By using directional antennas in a trisector cellular system can restrict the strong base-base interference into a hexagon and consequently, it is possible by just coordinating the switching points of downlink and uplink bandwidth ratio in only three sectors for TDD-CDMA. The cross-slot-interference level in the omnidirectional case is larger if compare with the directional antennas case. This is due to the transmissions power from a mobile station in omnidirectional cellular system is greater than the trisector cellular system. The reason is because the smaller antennas gain. In ad hoc network Spatial reuse factor Figure 9 : Spatial reuse in directional antenna In figure 9, Node A want s to have communications with Node B , Node C and Node D. In omnidirectional case, the communication between Node C and Node D is not allowed if there is packet sending from Node A and Node B. This is to avoid that the packet from Node C to interfere with Node A to Node B communications. If we using directional antennas, then the sender may focus the beam towards to the receiver. It allows that the coomunications between Node A to Node B and Node C to Node D go on currently. As conclusion, if the nodes use directional antennasthen neighboring nodes that are not in the direction of the signal can go ahead with their transmission. Multiple transmissions can be initiated by different nodes instead of a single transmission if they are not interfere with one another. This increasing the spatial reuse factor. Extended Range and Energy Savings Figure 10 : Extended range in directional antenna In the figure 10, the Node A want to communicate with Node C. in omnidirectional case, the communications cannot reach in single hop. Node A has to transmit the packet to Node B and Node B will transmit the packet to Node C. When using directional antennas, there is larger directional gain. Hence, Node A is able to reach the Node C in single hop. With higher directional gain, focused beam can travel larger distance than those unfocused beam in omnidirectional beam. The sender can reach to receiver with farther away and this has increase the transmission range. Also with higher directional gain, the power required to reach a maximum distance is less than the power used in omnidirectional antennas. This reduce the energy spent by nodes for transmission and reception. Conclusion As conclusion, directional antennas have those benefits that is not exist or stronger or solve the problem exist in using omnidirectional antennas but there is also a few problem that occur only in using directional antennas. There is a few solution proposed to reduce the problem but there is still have a lot of space for improvement.

Witchcraft of the Past Essay -- Essays Papers

Witchcraft of the Past What images does the word "witch" create in a person’s mind? Most people would tend to think of an old woman wearing a black, cone-shaped hat, with a large mole on her face, and perhaps flying on her broom. This is the stereotype of witches, and although some witches of the past may have fit into this category, one must remember witchcraft is a religion with a variety of followers. On the Covenant of the Goddess website, the basic philosophy of witchcraft is stated in one simple sentence: "Our religion is not a series of precepts or beliefs, rather we believe that we each have within ourselves the capacity to reach out and experience the mystery – that feeling of ineffable oneness with all Life." 1 This website is devoted to finding the origins of witchcraft, specifically faith and reason, and how it has affected society over the past 700 years. In the thirteenth century, witches, then called cunning folk, "played a positive role in helping people cope with calamity."2 They provided hope to townspeople that through magical means, natural disasters might some how be avoided. The cunning folk provided this important service that kept village life moving ahead. Possession of these so-called magical powers made one an important member of village society. People in need of "security and influence, namely, the old and the impoverished, especially single or widowed women" most often made these claims.3 In the late thirteenth century, the Christian church "declared that only its priests possessed legitimate magical powers," and "those who practices magic outside the church evidently derived their power from the Devil."4 The church wanted to rid society of the witches’ influence, and thus witch-hunts began. .. ...tion." 8. "The Burning Times." 9. Kagan, 491. 10. Witches in the Bible and in the Talmud, http://popeye.cc.biu.ac.il/~barilm/witches.html (8 March 1999). 11. Witches in the Bible and in the Talmud. Bibliography "About the Covenant of the Goddess." Covenant of the Goddess. http://www.cog.org/general/iabout.html (8 March 1999). "Beliefs & Superstitions." The Library of Witchcraft. http://witchcraft.simplenet.com/belief.html (9 March 1999) "The Burning Times." The Library of Witchcraft. http://witchcraft.simplenet.com/burningtimes1.html (9 March 1999). Kagan, Donald, Steve Ozment and Frank M. Turner. The Western Heritage Volume II: Since 1648. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1998. Witches in the Bible and in the Talmud. http://popeye.cc.biu.ac.il/~barilm/witches.html (8 March 1999).

Analysis of The Movie “Patch Adams” Essay

The film opens. Patch has checked into a mental institution. His condition was depression. The environment looks like a jail cell, dark and depressing. During his stay, he realizes that the doctors did not help him in his recovery. Patch Adams’ psychologist was indifferent to the patients in general. The psychologist did not show any interest in his patient. Pach Adams’ psychologist seems to not have any interest in listening to Patch Adams’ feelings. In many cases, he is more interested in his cup of coffee. Patch Adams realizes that he is not being heard and lose the trust of his psychologist. He makes great friends at the mental institution; regardless of his condition, Patch Adams was able to help some of the patients at the mental institution. He started by showing interest in their problems and helping them to overcome their fears. Without studies, Patch Adams showed more skillfulness in listening and having a humanistic tool than the medical staff. Later, Patch Adams decided to become a doctor, which gave him a purpose in life. Patch Adams was very wise and happy man. Helping others made him cure his depression. As a medical student, he uses humor and happiness as medicine with the patients. Most of the students and professors did not like him at all. It was like when Bernie Sanders tried to convince Republicans and Democrats that they supposed to be working for the working people not only for the one percent. In addition, Patch Adams observed a lot of problems in the hospital. Nurses were not treated the same as doctors. Children who suffered from cancer passed in their rooms without joy and hope. Relatives of patients who had to fill out tedious forms instead of being with relatives in life or death situations. He had a revolutionary idea after seeing these problems. He wanted to have a system where patients were not seen as a business because doctors should act more human when they treat their patients. He wanted to help them to b e healed not only of their illnesses but also of their social problems. After many difficulties, he graduated as a doctor. INTRODUCTION Communication in a Healthcare setting is one of the most important tools. Communication skills are something that many individuals have to work on. Not everyone knows how to communicate effectively, especially when dealing with a variety of cultures. Physicians must master their skill communication to improve the patient’s experience. Communication is both verbal and physical. Communication has been shown to favorably affect clinical outcomes, patient adherence, patient satisfaction, and reduced malpractice risk. The movie is based on Dr. Adams’ real life. Dr. Adams’ fundamental idea is to make us understand that medical attention is not only about focusing on the problem or disease. The medical attention is also listening to the patients. Providers should help their patients in an integrated manner. Patients should be approach physically and emotionally as well. The film has many aspects of health communication. Some of them are therapeutic communication (patien t-center), communication empathy. active listening (empathy), and trust. The communication between Patch Adams and his patients is very deep. Patch Adams does not focus only on their pains or symptoms. Rather, he asks them about their lives, family, work, friends interests, etc. Therapeutic communication (Patient Center communication) is very important. It is not just about touch-feeling and more humanistic. Interrupting a patient prematurely closed-ended questions. When doctors do that they fail to address the patient’s concern’s and fail to really understand the patient’s full agenda for why they are seeking healthcare. Additionally, when doctors ignore personal information, patients get the idea that they are not being heard and that the doctor did not care about them. As a result, patients will not take their medication or follow the procedure that the doctor recommended. For instance, Patch Adams’ relationship with his psychologist was untrusty, resulting in the abandonment of treatment and distrusting the system of the do ctor and provider as well. This causes a lot of problem in our healthcare. On the other hand, when doctors use open-ended questions, it can be utilized to allow patients to freely talk about their own problems or feelings associated with the complication.† Open-ended general inquiries claim a lack of knowledge of patient’s problems, encourage their de-novo presentation, and frame patients (at least initially) as being active authorities over their own health information.† (Robinson, Heritage, 2005). Active Listening is different from just hearing and repeating what was heard. This skill can help us reveal not only what the patient is saying but what the patient is thinking and feeling (Servellen, pg. 91). Patch psychologist showed lack of this skill. When Patch was telling his childhood story about his dad death †Dad told Patch Adams at the Korean world hid dad lost his sold, all the time Patch Adams thought he was the one who lost his sold† The disconnection between psychologist and patient showed lack of empathy, focus, and attention. Patch Adams at the Medical School was able to display active listening to friends, patients, and classmates. Active listening requires providers not only to hear, but to listen; not only to see but to perceive; and not only to touch but to feel (Servellen, pg.92). Trust, I personally think that trust is the most important quality to get from patients. It is probably one of the most difficult quality to achieve and keep in these days. †Patients’ trust in providers usually evolves over time. Patients most of the time will self-disclosure until they observe that providers are acting on their behalf.† (Servellen, pg. 109). Building trust is very crucial for a good relationship and for the outcomes of the patients. For example, a patient who does not trust or like the practitioner will not disclose complete information efficiently. Patients who are anxious will not understand the instructions clearly (Dorr & Lipkin, pg. 4). Conclusion: The main reason for communication in the healthcare setting is not just to ask and collect information. Should be beyond, not only focusing on the problem of the patient, communication help us as well to establish trust and good relationship with patients. If we are able to gain the trust of our patients we can guarantee a good relationship and better outcomes for patients. If we gain trust Healthcare professionals will not feel fear to be transparent as a result our communication with patients will be fructose. Making patient participate in their care, in quality of life and have higher satisfaction.

TerraCog

Terracotta management failed to respond to competition in its market. Although competitor introduced a new GAPS with satellite imagery to the market, Terracotta team dismissed the threat and decided not to take a responsive action. However, quickly the new GAPS succeed and gained a significant market share. Eventually, Terracotta president decided to pursue a development of a directly competing product, and named the project Aerial. Unfortunately, the projected high costs of this project questioned its profitability and doubt its wisdom.The key managers of the company were not able to decide whether to execute the project or not, and Emma Richardson, the new executive vice-president, needed to push the group toward a decision. The analysis we have done indicates that Terracotta case is an outcome of two major problems. The first problem is the existence of a poor decision making process, and the second is the lack of departmental cooperation and harmony. Alternative Courses of Action : We believe that Richardson should postpone the launch of Aerial, and focus on creating a more efficient decision making process and increasing departmental cooperation.Since time is crucial in this case, we see a need to decrease the time of decision making process and re-defining communication channels between the departments. We also argue that the size of this team as well as the fact that the teammates came from four different departments created complex communication channels that slowed down decision making. In this case, small groups can undertake better the urgent tasks. Hence, we think that Richardson should break the complex process of launching a new product into micro-processes.We believe that by brainstorming with the heads of every department separately, defining criteria and performance tankards, and listening to each team's requirements and reservations, Richardson will be able to clarify for the teams their importance to the company and motivate them to act toward the company's goal. Commitment to a common goal is more easily achieved if the number of team members is small (Essentials for an Effective Team, To keep the work on track and to increase departmental cooperation, 2006).Richardson should conduct update meetings every other week with all the departments' heads. The agenda of these wide department meetings should be clear and exclude decisions making. The different decisions should be made within smaller groups that include only the relevant teams. To increase harmony among the departments, Richardson can open department wide meetings with a short speech about similar past experiences of the company to remind the teams how they worked well together and performed successfully when they cooperated.Recalling past experiences may increase sense of belonging and help to put the big picture in mind before discussing current issues. Moreover, Richardson can invite the teams' mangers to have lunch together before department wide meetings. So cializing with each other right before getting to business can cool things down, ease the tension, and increase departmental cooperation. We believe that if the heads of the different departments will understand the importance and the needs of other departments, working together will become easier and more efficient.Another way to increase departmental cooperation is by sharing information on the processes each department went through. For example, while discussing the price of a new product, Tony could provide specific details regarding production's costs to explain why further lowering of costs is impossible. While this alternative might be time consuming, sharing information can help the teams to understand better the different points of view of the different departments. Recommended Course of Action: We believe that a combination of the alternatives above would be the best way to address the situation in this case.First, we recommend postponing the launch of the current prototyp e. Launching Aerial on its current form will damage the company's reputation and can lead the company to a big loss. We assume that if Aerial wont provide its users a significant advantage, customers wouldn't pay more than the Bird's price to buy it. Second, in order to accelerate the decision making process, Richardson should redesign the current communication channels in the company. Decisions need to be made in smaller teams, and wide department meetings need to be designated for updates only.Third, to increase departmental cooperation and harmony, Richardson should establish a process of sharing information between the departments. Furthermore, structuring time for socializing can ease the stress and increase harmony among the departments. We believe that this alternative course of action will lead to minimum damage in Terracotta position, ND allow the company to improve its productivity and ability to respond faster to competition in the future. Implementation: First, Richardso n should invite all the people who were present in the last two meetings to announce her decision.This meeting should be friendly and short, and most important, clear and motivating. Richardson should open the meeting with demonstrating an appreciation for the hard work done by all the departments. Then, the announcement of her decision to postpone the launch of Aerial should be followed by a short explanation about the upcoming changes: From now on, once a week, every department should email a rife description of the progress they made at the past week to the entire company.This weekly update emails will enable an efficient way to share information between the departments. In addition, wide department meetings will take place every other week, and once a month these meetings will include a friendly lunch prior to the meeting. After the meeting, Richardson should meet with the heads of design and development department. In this meeting, they need to agree and define the requirements to develop a product that is superior to the Birds, on minimum costs and time, and draw a realistic schedule to move forward.Now, when the new product is in its first stages of creation, and there is a general idea of what specifications and characteristics it will have, as well as an expected time for launching, Richardson should meet with the UP of Sales, to create marketing plan for the new product. The production team will work alone on costs estimating for the new product, and the sales team in consultation with finance department will determine a pricing and develop a â€Å"go- to market† plan. Moreover, Richardson should set clear limits to the continuance of commitment to the project for every department.Determining what criteria and performance standards Justify continued investment in the project can help the team avoid escalation of commitment (Team Decision Making Pitfalls and Solutions, n. D). Whenever disagreements on to what level the teams should commit to a specific task will arose, they could refer to the performance's standards and make a decision accordingly. The process will be managed by Richardson from the top, and the heads of every department will make decisions that are relevant to their departments' areas of knowledge and responsibility, and report to Richardson, who ill manage the whole process. TerraCog Terracotta management failed to respond to competition in its market. Although competitor introduced a new GAPS with satellite imagery to the market, Terracotta team dismissed the threat and decided not to take a responsive action. However, quickly the new GAPS succeed and gained a significant market share. Eventually, Terracotta president decided to pursue a development of a directly competing product, and named the project Aerial. Unfortunately, the projected high costs of this project questioned its profitability and doubt its wisdom.The key managers of the company were not able to decide whether to execute the project or not, and Emma Richardson, the new executive vice-president, needed to push the group toward a decision. The analysis we have done indicates that Terracotta case is an outcome of two major problems. The first problem is the existence of a poor decision making process, and the second is the lack of departmental cooperation and harmony. Alternative Courses of Action : We believe that Richardson should postpone the launch of Aerial, and focus on creating a more efficient decision making process and increasing departmental cooperation.Since time is crucial in this case, we see a need to decrease the time of decision making process and re-defining communication channels between the departments. We also argue that the size of this team as well as the fact that the teammates came from four different departments created complex communication channels that slowed down decision making. In this case, small groups can undertake better the urgent tasks. Hence, we think that Richardson should break the complex process of launching a new product into micro-processes.We believe that by brainstorming with the heads of every department separately, defining criteria and performance tankards, and listening to each team's requirements and reservations, Richardson will be able to clarify for the teams their importance to the company and motivate them to act toward the company's goal. Commitment to a common goal is more easily achieved if the number of team members is small (Essentials for an Effective Team, To keep the work on track and to increase departmental cooperation, 2006).Richardson should conduct update meetings every other week with all the departments' heads. The agenda of these wide department meetings should be clear and exclude decisions making. The different decisions should be made within smaller groups that include only the relevant teams. To increase harmony among the departments, Richardson can open department wide meetings with a short speech about similar past experiences of the company to remind the teams how they worked well together and performed successfully when they cooperated.Recalling past experiences may increase sense of belonging and help to put the big picture in mind before discussing current issues. Moreover, Richardson can invite the teams' mangers to have lunch together before department wide meetings. So cializing with each other right before getting to business can cool things down, ease the tension, and increase departmental cooperation. We believe that if the heads of the different departments will understand the importance and the needs of other departments, working together will become easier and more efficient.Another way to increase departmental cooperation is by sharing information on the processes each department went through. For example, while discussing the price of a new product, Tony could provide specific details regarding production's costs to explain why further lowering of costs is impossible. While this alternative might be time consuming, sharing information can help the teams to understand better the different points of view of the different departments. Recommended Course of Action: We believe that a combination of the alternatives above would be the best way to address the situation in this case.First, we recommend postponing the launch of the current prototyp e. Launching Aerial on its current form will damage the company's reputation and can lead the company to a big loss. We assume that if Aerial wont provide its users a significant advantage, customers wouldn't pay more than the Bird's price to buy it. Second, in order to accelerate the decision making process, Richardson should redesign the current communication channels in the company. Decisions need to be made in smaller teams, and wide department meetings need to be designated for updates only.Third, to increase departmental cooperation and harmony, Richardson should establish a process of sharing information between the departments. Furthermore, structuring time for socializing can ease the stress and increase harmony among the departments. We believe that this alternative course of action will lead to minimum damage in Terracotta position, ND allow the company to improve its productivity and ability to respond faster to competition in the future. Implementation: First, Richardso n should invite all the people who were present in the last two meetings to announce her decision.This meeting should be friendly and short, and most important, clear and motivating. Richardson should open the meeting with demonstrating an appreciation for the hard work done by all the departments. Then, the announcement of her decision to postpone the launch of Aerial should be followed by a short explanation about the upcoming changes: From now on, once a week, every department should email a rife description of the progress they made at the past week to the entire company.This weekly update emails will enable an efficient way to share information between the departments. In addition, wide department meetings will take place every other week, and once a month these meetings will include a friendly lunch prior to the meeting. After the meeting, Richardson should meet with the heads of design and development department. In this meeting, they need to agree and define the requirements to develop a product that is superior to the Birds, on minimum costs and time, and draw a realistic schedule to move forward.Now, when the new product is in its first stages of creation, and there is a general idea of what specifications and characteristics it will have, as well as an expected time for launching, Richardson should meet with the UP of Sales, to create marketing plan for the new product. The production team will work alone on costs estimating for the new product, and the sales team in consultation with finance department will determine a pricing and develop a â€Å"go- to market† plan. Moreover, Richardson should set clear limits to the continuance of commitment to the project for every department.Determining what criteria and performance standards Justify continued investment in the project can help the team avoid escalation of commitment (Team Decision Making Pitfalls and Solutions, n. D). Whenever disagreements on to what level the teams should commit to a specific task will arose, they could refer to the performance's standards and make a decision accordingly. The process will be managed by Richardson from the top, and the heads of every department will make decisions that are relevant to their departments' areas of knowledge and responsibility, and report to Richardson, who ill manage the whole process.